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'踏访茶马古道'

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'茶马古道,康定,马帮,西藏,街村,互市,拉萨,交易,茶叶,无量山,中国,贸易,大山,四川,古村,昌都,古道,马治,藏民,打箭炉'

'据史料记载，中国茶叶最早向海外传播，可追溯到南北朝时期。当时中国商人在与蒙古毗邻的边境，通过以茶易物的方式，向土耳其输出茶叶。隋唐时期，随着边贸市场的发展壮大，加之丝绸之路的开通，中国茶叶以茶马交...'

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'中华普洱茶网编辑'

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'CAIJI'

'2018-05-05 20:37:01'

'2018-05-05 20:37:01'

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'<p>　　<span>据史料记载，中国茶叶最早向海外传播，可追溯到南北朝时期。当时中国商人在与蒙古毗邻的边境，通过以茶易物的方式，向土耳其输出</span>茶叶。隋唐时期，随着边贸市场的发展壮大，加之丝绸之路的开通，中国茶叶以茶马交易的方式，经回纥及西域等地向西亚、北亚和阿拉伯等国输送，中途辗转西伯利亚，最终抵达俄国及欧洲各国。</p><p>　　从唐代开始，历代统治者都积极采取控制茶马交易的手段。唐肃宗至德元年（公元756年）至千年元年，在蒙古的回纥地区驱马茶市，开创了茶马交易的先河。北宋时代，茶马交易主要在陕甘地区，易马的茶叶就地取于川蜀，并在成都、秦州（今甘肃天水）各置榷茶和买马司。元代时，官府废止了宋代实行的茶马治边政策。到了明代，又恢复了茶马政策，而且变本加厉，把这项政策作为统治西北地区各族人民的重要手段。明太祖洪武年间，上等马一匹最多换茶叶120斤。明万历年间，则定上等马一匹换茶三十篦，中等二十，下等十五。明代文学家汤显祖在《茶马》诗中这样写道："黑茶一何美，羌马一何殊。""羌马与黄茶，胡马求金珠。"足见当时茶马交易市场的兴旺与繁荣。至清代，茶马治边政策有所松弛，私茶商人较多，在茶马交易中则费茶多而获马少。清朝雍正十三年，官营茶马交易制度终止。</p><p>　　茶马交易治边制度从隋唐始，至清代止，历经岁月沧桑近千年。在茶马市场交易的漫长岁月里，中国商人在西北、西南边陲，用自己的双脚，踏出了一条崎岖绵延的茶马古道。</p><p><strong>滇藏道</strong></p><p>从云南普洱茶的产地（今西双版纳、思茅等地）出发，经下关（大理）、丽江、中甸（今香格里拉）、迪庆、德钦，到西藏的芒康、昌都、波密、拉萨，而后再经藏南的泽当，后藏的江孜、亚东然后出境。</p><p><strong>川藏道</strong></p><p>它是由四川的打箭炉（雅安）出发。经卢定、康定、巴塘、昌都至拉萨，再经后藏日喀则出境到尼泊尔、缅甸、印度。</p><p>"茶马古道"起源于古代的"茶马互市"，可以说是先有"互市"，后有"古道"。"茶马互市"是我国西部历史上汉藏民族间一种传统的以茶易马或以马换茶为内容的贸易往来。宋代在四川名山等地还设置了专门管理茶马贸易的政府机构"茶马司"。茶马贸易繁荣了古代西部地区的经济文化，同时也造就了茶马古道这条传播的路径。</p><p>茶马古道是世界上通行里程最长的古代商路。总行程在万里以上。自古以来，很少有人能够走完全程。沿途的每站都可以作为终点或者是起点。而当时最大的贸易中转站便要属四川的康定了。</p><p>康定过去叫做"打箭炉"，西来的马帮到达康定，就要在这里转换运输工具或者就地进行茶马贸易。1696年康熙帝批准了在康定进行茶马互市贸易的请求，使康定成为了内地与西藏地区之间主要的商业中心。国内的丝绸、茶叶等商品经过康定运往西方，而南亚、欧洲、美洲的商品也从这里销往中国内地。</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/e720f8cd.jpg\' /></p><p>无量山中的茶马古道古村 南涧（云南）,2005年10月2日 无量山中的茶马古道古村 10月1日，茶马古道虎街村的一位老人在晾晒玉米。 "茶马古道"是云南、四川与西藏之间的古代贸易通道，由于是用川、滇的茶叶与西藏的马匹、药材交易，以马帮运输，故称"茶马古道"。云南省南涧彝族自治县宝华镇虎街村位于无量山中，是当年茶马古道的重要路段。据当地人介绍，村子已有数百年历史，这里有保存完好的古道和百年房屋建筑。目前,茶马古道虎街村的村民主要从事农业生产,有的村民做些小生意，生活平静而安适。 新华社记者摄</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/634e02f8.jpg\' /></p><p align="left">10月1日，茶马古道虎街村的一些群众在当年马帮曾经过的石板路上赶猪而过。</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/e09c9cb4.jpg\' /></p><p align="left">多少年来，无数商人马队从此而过</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/9613647c.jpg\' /></p><p align="left">茶马古道是壮阔的，而对于当年行走在古道上的马帮来说，那却是一条充满了艰险的征途。西南地区山高水急，水上交通不可想象。而山道的险峻曲折，又根本无法行驶车辆。在这样的条件下，马帮成为了唯一适用的运输方式，它形成了茶马古道上一道独特的风景。可以说茶马古道是一条用人力和马的脚力踩踏出来的道路。</p><p align="left">从一个山谷到又一个山谷，从一个村寨到又一个村寨，马帮们踏出了一条沟通各地的生命道路，成为了大西南地区的联系纽带。这些马帮曾经驻足停留，进行商品集散的驿站，成为了后来的的城镇。今天的丽江古城就是迄今为止茶马古道上保存最为完好的古城，被誉为是"活着的茶马重镇"。</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/7080c6e9.jpg\' /></p><p>随着现代化交通手段的日益发达，茶马古道已被214、317、318国道所代替，默默地沉寂于无声。然而在人们的心中永远有着一条可以与丝绸之路相媲美的，亚洲大陆历史上最为庞大和复杂的古代商路。</p><p>不管这个世界在发生着什么，由于不可思议的僻远艰险，茶马古道上有三样东西似乎还在坚韧地存在着：一个是沿途的苍茫大地、山川湖泊、蓝天白云；一个是与藏民生命生活融为一体的宗教；一个是藏民的善良、纯朴和美好。我觉得，藏民们对大自然的敬畏和强烈的宗教感情似乎就来自藏区的大自然本身，相辅相成，那样的宗教感情又成全了他们的善良、纯朴和美好。</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/323e17ba.jpg\' /></p><p>在茶马古道沿途，有着我们这个世界上最壮丽最动人的山水。那是一种惊心动魄的苍茫和旷世的沉寂。有时世界静得出奇，周围的大山全都沉默不语。它们以一毛不生而令人震惊。那种苍凉的美、严酷的美轻易就把人带入史前时代。夏季的雨水汪洋恣肆，冬季的雪水清碧如玉。它们从无数大山上奔泻而下，那水流漫漫涣涣，迅速汇聚成溪流，又很快流淌到无数的大江和河流中。远山显露出它们强劲而优美的山脊，它们是那么峻秀，又充满了张力。蓝蓝的山岚，使它们显得英姿勃发，十分年轻。如果说山脉架起了西藏的骨骼，那这些江河就是西藏的血脉，它们奔涌流动，为高原注入了生命的活力，为高原带来了蓬勃的生机。</p><p>除却大山大川，茶马古道沿途有的是极富灵性的石头和无比奇妙的云，以及超凡脱俗的天光。那些历尽沧桑的石头，那亿万年来不老的蓝天，那一逝不再、永不重复的云，那似乎来自极地或外太空的光芒，它们组合成的色彩令人激动不已。而如果在晴天的晨曦中和晚霞里走过西藏的大地，你一定会为那种剔透明朗的光泽所震慑。只要看到一眼，只要沐浴一次，人生便因之而生辉。</p><p align="center"><img src=\'https://www.puerwang.cn/uploadfile/2018/0418/fc551fb5.jpg\' /></p><p align="left">在茶马古道一路，我们经常目睹前往圣城拉萨的虔诚的朝圣者，他们在崎岖蜿蜒的山道上踽踽而行，有的更将全身匍匐在地，磕着等身长头前往心目中具有极神圣意义的拉萨，他们磕得四肢溃烂，面额鲜血淋漓，但眼睛的虹彩中却充溢着宁和而确凿的信仰之光。</p><p align="left">在茶马古道沿途，同时也是转经朝圣道路的沿途，一些民间艺术家们于过去漫长的时日中，在路边的岩石上、玛尼堆上绘制和雕刻了无数的经文咒语、佛陀、菩萨和许多高僧的形象，还有一些神灵的动物形象，如鱼、蛇、猫等等，当然也有一些被视为神异物的形象，如海螺、日月星辰。那些或粗糙或精美的造像为古道那漫长的旅途增添了一份神圣和庄严，也为那遥远的地平线增添了几许神秘……</p>'

'茶马古道,康定,马帮,西藏,街村,互市,拉萨,交易,茶叶,无量山,中国,贸易,大山,四川,古村,昌都,古道,马治,藏民,打箭炉'

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'踏访茶马古道_普洱茶文化_中华普洱茶网'

'茶马古道,康定,马帮,西藏,街村,互市,拉萨,交易,茶叶,无量山,中国,贸易,大山,四川,古村,昌都,古道,马治,藏民,打箭炉'

'据史料记载，中国茶叶最早向海外传播，可追溯到南北朝时期。当时中国商人在与蒙古毗邻的边境，通过以茶易物的方式，向土耳其输出茶叶。隋唐时期，随着边贸市场的发展壮大，加之丝绸之路的开通，中国茶叶以茶马交...'

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    'tid' => 1,
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      'member' => 
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    'is_post' => 1,
    'tid' => 1,
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    'is_post' => 1,
    'tid' => 1,
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'/puerchawenhua/a-12731-[page].html'

''

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array (
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